International Economics

Lecture Notes

Author

Affiliation

© Prof. Dr. Stephan Huber

Hochschule Fresenius - University of Applied Science

Preface

About the notes

A PDF version of these notes is available here.

Please note that while the PDF contains the same content, it has not been optimized for PDF format. Therefore, some parts may not appear as intended.

• These notes aims to support my lecture at the HS Fresenius but are incomplete and no substitute for taking actively part in class.
• I appreciate you reading it, and I appreciate any comments.
• This is work in progress so please check for updates regularly.
• For making an appointment, you can use the online tool that you find on my private homepage: https://hubchev.github.io/

About the author

Figure 1: Prof. Dr. Stephan Huber

I am a Professor of International Economics and Data Science at HS Fresenius, holding a Diploma in Economics from the University of Regensburg and a Doctoral Degree (summa cum laude) from the University of Trier. I completed postgraduate studies at the Interdisciplinary Graduate Center of Excellence at the Institute for Labor Law and Industrial Relations in the European Union (IAAEU) in Trier. Prior to my current position, I worked as a research assistant to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Joachim Möller at the University of Regensburg, a post-doc at the Leibniz Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS) in Regensburg, and a freelancer at Charles University in Prague.

Throughout my career, I have also worked as a lecturer at various institutions, including the TU Munich, the University of Regensburg, Saarland University, and the Universities of Applied Sciences in Frankfurt and Augsburg. Additionally, I have had the opportunity to teach abroad for the University of Cordoba in Spain, the University of Perugia in Italy, and the Petra Christian University in Surabaya, Indonesia. My published work can be found in international journals such as the Canadian Journal of Economics and the Stata Journal. For more information on my work, please visit my private homepage at hubchev.github.io.

Contact:

Prof. Dr. Stephan Huber
Hochschule Fresenius für Wirtschaft & Medien GmbH
Im MediaPark 4c
50670 Cologne

Office: 4e OG-3
Telefon: +49 221 973199-523
Mail: stephan.huber@hs-fresenius.de
Private homepage: www.hubchev.github.io
Github: https://github.com/hubchev

Teaching principles

I believe in the Keep It Simple and Straightforward principle (KISS), which emphasizes simplicity and clarity in all aspects of learning and teaching. This, however, does not imply that the content of the book easy to understand. Success still requires logical thinking and a strong work ethic. Those who struggle with this may find it difficult to pass my courses.

In the following sections, I will introduce various mathematical economic models and concepts that provide a structured framework for understanding economics. Familiarity with these concepts is necessary for understanding current literature and analyzing complex scenarios in international trade.

Economic models are based on transparent assumptions and usually consist of a set of equations that explain theories of economic behavior. A robust model should provide valuable insights into the behavior of rational actors and the workings of the economy.

Unfortunately, students sometimes feel overwhelmed by these models because of their reliance on math and rigorous logical reasoning. There is often a perception that there are simpler ways to convey these arguments. While this may occasionally be true, I firmly believe that the formal approach to introducing international economics is most beneficial in the long run. Allow me to back up this belief:

• The narrative method, characterized by storytelling and bullet points, is a quick way to convey information on a variety of topics. However, it also has its drawbacks: students can easily get caught up in intuitive anecdotes without developing critical thinking or recognizing the underlying driving forces. As a result, they memorize information only for exams and forget it shortly thereafter.

• Unlike anecdotes, formal models are not inherently true. Nevertheless, they can offer deeper insights into a topic than narratives.

• Compared to anecdotes, formal models usually offer more flexibility. Once students understand the underlying logic of a model and can interpret and evaluate its implications, they can apply their understanding to different circumstances or topics. In contrast, anecdotes often provide a narrow perspective on a problem, making it difficult to draw general conclusions.

• A mathematical economic model functions much like a proof of an argument in that it accurately describes the assumptions under which the argument holds. In contrast, narratives often obscure the underlying assumptions and premises of an argument.

• Formal argumentation is the norm in economic research. Familiarity with basic concepts therefore enables students to understand the current literature, conduct research and solve problems in their professional lives.

• Understanding an economic model means grasping the underlying relationships, which promotes retention. In essence, formal models promote students’ independent thinking and reasoning rather than mere repetition of the teacher’s words.

How to prepare for the exam

Figure 2: Richard P. Feynman’s Los Alamos ID badge

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Feynman_Los_Alamos_ID_badge.jpg

Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988) was a team leader at the Manhatten Project (see Figure 2) and won the Nobel Prize in 1965 in physics. He once said:

“I don’t know what’s the matter with people: they don’t learn by understanding; they learn by some other way – by rote, or something. Their knowledge is so fragile!” (Feynman, 1985)

Of course, the key to learning is understanding. However, I believe that there is no understanding without practice, that is, solving problems and exercises by yourself with a pencil and a blank sheet of paper without knowing the solution in advance. Thus, I recommend the following:

• Attend lectures and and take the opportunity to ask questions and actively participate in class.
• Study the lecture notes and work on the exercises.
• Review the material regularly each week. Learning in small increments is more effective than last-minute cramming.
• Test yourself with past exams that you find in the appendix.
• If you have the opportunity to form a study group, make use of it. It is great to help each other, and it is very motivating to see that everyone has problems sometimes.
• If you have difficulties with some exercises and the solutions shown do not solve your problem, ask a classmate or contact me.

About the structure of these notes

I present international economics divided into three major branches:

1. International trade: This chapter is concerned with the determination of relative prices and real incomes in international trade abstracting from the intervention of money. That means trade is considered as an exchange of goods with no financial transactions involved. Of course, this assumption is unrealistic. However, it helps to understand the driving forces of real-world problems.

2. Monetary international economics: This chapter explicitly considers the meaning of the international financial transaction.

3. Trade policy: This chapter is about how international economics is taken into action to build the world we live in.

Moreover, in an appendix I offer solutions to the exercises, some microeconomic and mathematical preliminaries, and some past exams.

Literature

Economic textbooks: This lecture just scratches the surface of many economic phenomena. For a deeper understanding or if you are not familiar with the most basic economic principles, you should read a textbook. Any major economics textbook can be used to complement this lecture. I personally recommend Mankiw (2024), Blanchard & Johnson (2013), and the open source textbook Shapiro et al. (2022) but you can also use Parkin (2012), Case et al. (2019), and Krugman & Wells (2018). While it is always nice to have a more recent textbook, basically older copies are just as fine (and much cheaper). Also, there are good books that are freely available online such as Shapiro et al. (2022), Anon (2020), Goodwin (2012), and Klein & Bauman (2010).

International economic textbooks: Of course, this lecture cannot cover all aspects of international economics. It os more like a curated collection of crucial concepts to grasp the fundamentals of global trade. For a deeper dive, I suggest exploring a standard international economics textbook of your preference. Here are some books, I recommend: Suranovic (2012), Krugman et al. (2017), Feenstra & Taylor (2017), Pugel (2015), Carbaugh (2016), Marrewijk (2012), and Marrewijk (2017).

Tabellen und Daten von R einbinden

Ein Beispiel, wie Objekte aus R in einer Tabelle dargestellt werden können, findet sich in ?tbl-mixedtab. Hier sieht man eine Tabelle dessen Daten wie folgt erzeugt wurden:

# Load required packages
if (!require(pacman)) install.packages("pacman")
pacman::p_load(tidyverse, kableExtra)
load(url("https://github.com/crsh/papaja/raw/main/tests/testthat/data/mixed_data.rdata"))
descriptives <- mixed_data |>  
  group_by(Dosage) |> 
  summarize(
    Mean = mean(Recall), 
    Median = median(Recall),
    SD = sd(Recall),
    Min = min(Recall),
    Max = max(Recall)
  )

Ein Tabelle mit deskriptiver Statistik.

Dosage	Mean	Median	SD	Min	Max
A	14.19444	14	4.451770	5	25
B	13.50000	14	5.151976	4	22
C	19.19444	19	3.519898	13	25
Anmerkung: Diese Tabelle wurde mit der Funktion kbl() erstellt.

Figure 1: Prof. Dr. Stephan Huber Figure 2: Richard P. Feynman’s Los Alamos ID badge

Anon, (University. of M. (2020). Principles of economics. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. https://open.lib.umn.edu/principleseconomics

Blanchard, O., & Johnson, D. R. (2013). Macroeconomics (6th ed.). Pearson.

Carbaugh, R. (2016). International economics (16th ed.). South-Western.

Case, K. E., Fair, R. C., & Oster, S. M. (2019). Principles of economics. Pearson.

Feenstra, R. C., & Taylor, A. M. (2017). International economics (4th ed.). Worth.

Feynman, R. P. (1985). "Surely you’re joking, Mr. Feynman!": Adventures of a curious character. W.W. Norton.

Goodwin, M. (2012). Economix: How and why our economy works (and doesn’t work) in words and pictures. Abrams & Chronicle Books.

Klein, G., & Bauman, Y. (2010). Cartoon introduction to economics: Volume one: microeconomics. Hill & Wang.

Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2017). International economics: Theory and policy (11th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Krugman, P. R., & Wells, R. (2018). Economics (5th ed.). Worth.

Mankiw, N. G. (2024). Principles of economics (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Marrewijk, C. van. (2012). International economics: Theory, application, and policy (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Marrewijk, C. van. (2017). International economics: Theory, application, and policy. Oxford Unversity Press.

Parkin, M. (2012). Economics (10th ed.). Addison-Wesley.

Pugel, T. A. (2015). International economics (16th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Shapiro, D., MacDonald, D., & Greenlaw, S. A. (2022). Principles of economics (3rd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/principles-economics-3e

Suranovic, S. (2012). International economics: Theory and policy (1.0 ed.). Saylor Foundation. https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/276